My favourite stuff

In my leisure time I enjoy having a long drink and a bowl of popcorn watching a nice film.   I do not favor any category of film.   I normally read a review of a film and see what evaluation it had been given by the reviewer.   Although I have some favorite actors, like for example Robert De Niro in the films ‘The Awakening’, ‘Sleepers’, and ‘Meet the Fockers’, Al Pacino in the films ‘Devils Advocate’, and ‘Carlito’s Way’, and George Clooney in the films ‘Ocean’s Eleven’, ‘From Dusk Till Dawn’ and ‘The Perfect Storm’. A recent film that comes to my mind is Pursuit of Happyness.   It attracted me most for its comparisons to the daily routine.   In fact it is based on a true story of Chris Gardner.   To be sincere I do not really fancy so much the main actor of this film whom character is played by Will Smith, but he really has done his best to play such an excellent role.   While the boy in the film, who is also the real son of Will Smith manages to play an impeccable role in the film.   The story is about a salesman who is trying to sell medical scanners with no luck at all. While he possesses minimal money and the only breadwinner of the family is his wife, who is panic stricken on how to continue paying the house rents they have with insufficient income. The last straw that broke the camels’ back was when ‘Chris’ told his wife that he was inclined for the profession of a stockbroker.   As a result, she left home and allowed Chris to take the full custody of his son. In such a stance, Chris had to study to attain the job as a stockbroker, while trying to provide shelter for his son.   This part of the film revels the great commitment that Chris Gardner had for his family and for the job that he was inspired to reach. A story like this induces me to look at the bright sight of any situation and to be realistic in any condition in my life. Will Smith shows this entirely on how he keeps a smile on his face knowing the severe circumstances just to give hope and love for his son.   Knowing that these are real events from the daily routine of Chris Gardner, he managed to protect his son from the daily darkness, random misfortunes and homelessness. Even though I am watching a film I try to get a good source of education or knowledge or loving depending on the film.   For example through ‘Last King of Scotland’ I noted the hardships that people in Uganda suffered during the reign of General Idi Amin.   The braveness and courage of William Wallace in the film ‘Braveheart’ provided me good historical insights of Scotland during that epoch. Being a movie admirer I am always keen to watch a good film at the Cinema first.   I usually prefer a quite theater, with no disturbances from other spectators, which will hinder my attention on the film.   I also follow the Oscar Nominations and Awards thoroughly.   Indeed it is customary for me to watch all the movies in a cinema that were nominated to an Oscar.   I always try to match who will be the Best Actor, Director, Actress and Film before the award ceremony. Reference: Internet Movie Database. The Pursuit of Happyness (on line). Available from:   http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0454921/ (Accessed 9th April 2007).

Viewing Mrs. Dalloway Through the Lens of “Modern Fiction”

In â€Å"Modern Fiction,† Virginia Woolf comments on the flaws of modernist writers such as Wells, Bennett, and Galsworthy.   Their narrow focus on the material and lack of affinity for the spiritual or realistic, is evidence enough that they have fallen short in the literary sense.   In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf explores connections with truth, reality, and that which is above the material through her narrative techniques, complex imagery, and provoking themes, thus emphasizing through Mrs. Dalloway what she has so adamantly called for in â€Å"Modern Fiction.†Woolf possesses the ability to create a work of fiction that evokes a pleasant reading experience for the reader without utilizing a central plot.   In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf chooses to explore the narrative possibilities of bringing several characters through one single day in time.   This narrative technique works well in a text that mainly focuses on Mrs. Dalloway’s world view, her inner workings, and her exploration and sensory experience of the world surrounding her.The organizational structure of the novel challenges Woolf to create characters that are deep enough to be realistic while dealing with only one day of their lives.   Woolf creates within the character of Clarissa the inherent sense of the magnanimity of living one day in time.   Clarissa â€Å"had a perpetual sense, as she watched the taxi cabs, of being out, out, far out to sea and alone; she always had the feeling that it was very, very dangerous to live even one day† (16).Through Clarissa, Woolf creates a sense of the complexity each day is capable of bringing to individual characters, thus calling her readers to â€Å"look within life†¦examine for a moment an ordinary mind on an ordinary day.   The mind receives a myriad impressions—trivial, fanstastic, evanescent, or engraved with the sharpness of steel† (3).   Clarissa, through her sensory perception of the world around her, feels the danger of living even one day.Woolf’s embrace of the realistic and spiritual aspects of the world, asserted in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† are set up within this novel so that those views will be challenged.   Through the character of Clarissa, struggling through one day in time, Woolf compels the reader to consider the possibilities beyond the material world.   This narrative technique moves the action forward, and simultaneously delves into the life and inner workings of Clarissa, baring her soul to the reader and opening up the possibilities and realities of the spiritual world.Woolf also employs imagery that similarly challenges the reader to explore the possibilities of what lies beyond the material.   The imagery of death is quite prevalent in the text, and these images are mainly viewed through Clarissa, as she makes sense of her life.   Critic Jacob Littleton, in his article, â€Å"Portrait of the Artist as Middle-Aged Woman,† asserts that b ecause Clarissa possesses a â€Å"heightened view of existence,† she always possesses a â€Å"preternaturally vivid awareness and fear of the termination of the existence she loves so much† (38).Clarissa’s â€Å"fear of termination† resonates most clearly in her isolated attic bedroom.   The image of her bedroom symbolizes loneliness and death, and serves as a place where Clarissa frequently contemplates these subjects.   Her bed, â€Å"no longer the marriage bed symbolizing fertility, is symbolized by her fertile mind as shrinking into her world in a way that other outlooks available to her do not† (40).   She has no one but herself in which to rely, and this is evidenced through her continual fascination with the concept of death and the end of existence.Clarissa’s transcendental theory, which she uses as a reference to inform herself of the realities of the spiritual realm, causes her to surmise that â€Å"since our apparitions, th e part of us which appears, are so momentarily compared with the other, the unseen part of us, which spreads wide, the unseen might survive, be recovered somehow attached to this person or that, or even haunting certain places after death†¦perhaps—perhaps† (79). The image of the spiritual transcending death through means of apparitions is another powerful image within the text, and interlocks with the image of death and presents itself simultaneously.In the case of Septimus, Clarissa is able to feel a connection with him after he has died that seems to transcend death.   She assimilates herself with him after he took his life.   She knows that â€Å"she felt glad that he had done it; thrown it away†¦He made her feel beauty; made her feel the fun.   But she must go back.   She must assemble† (185).   Mrs. Dalloway sees herself in Septimus, even though she has never encountered him face-to-face; she sees something in Septimus that she desires fo r herself.Woolf, through Clarissa’s transcendental theory and interactions with the image of Septimus, uses Clarissa’s experience to assert her own views on the spiritual aspect of reality.   There is something far above the material that causes Clarissa to feel this affinity with Septimus.   There is something beyond herself that calls her to him, thus causing her to desire his fate for her own.   The power of the imagery of death and the ability to transcend it is fully realized in the doubling of Clarissa and Septimus.Lastly, Woolf uses themes that connect reality with the spiritual realm in an attempt to further her thesis in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† for fiction to be modern and worth reading, it must explore that which is above the material world.   Woolf’s main concern in the novel seems to be the inner workings of Mrs. Dalloway, her thought processes, and how she engages with the world surrounding her.   Woolf juxtaposes Clarissa’s i nternal self with her external world, thus setting up one of the most prevalent, resonant themes within the text, and it is â€Å"against this system that Woolf places a world of private significance whose meaning is wholly irreducible to facts of the external world† (37).This struggle between the internal and external surrounds not only Clarissa, but her double, Septimus, and thus permeates the novel.   Personality, according to Ellen Bayuk Rosenmann, in her article, â€Å"The Invisible Presence,† seems to be a â€Å"private fact,† which is far â€Å"alienated from public and political culture† (77).   Society at large is able to neither appreciate nor understand the inner workings of the soul, and thus stands at a distance.Woolf asserts in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† that â€Å"Whether we call it life or spirit, truth or reality, this, the essential thing, has moved off, or on, and refuses to be contained any longer is such ill-fitting vestments as we provide† (3).   In essence, the separation between the internal (soul) and the external (material world) is not navigable.   Mrs. Dalloway is forced to break down the material barriers that bar her from knowing herself, and delve into the depths of her soul to find the spiritual, the truth.Another fascinating theme within the text is the intriguing concept of human interaction.   Characters within the novel are being continually merged together through their experiences and through their own imaginations and memories as well (Littleton 39).   One of the most interesting examples of this is the relationship between Mrs. Dalloway and Septimus.   Clarissa never visually sees Septimus, yet he is the most significant part of her day.   Clearly, Woolf is merging the two characters together, yet she blurs the lines a bit, thus furthering her assertions in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† that â€Å"life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a lu minous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end† (4).Septimus is a part of Clarissa’s consciousness, even though she does not realize it.   His life has a large impact of Clarissa, and he is the sole character that compels her to remain true to her soul. Critic J. Hillis Miller, in his article, â€Å"Repetition as Raising the Dead,† explains that â€Å"no man or woman is limited to him or herself, but each is joined to the others†¦diffused like a mist among all the people and places he or she has encountered† (173).   The characters are connected on various levels, and Woolf shows this connection quite acutely through the lens of Lady Bruton as she muses about the way in which Hugh and Richard remain with her after they leave, â€Å"as if one’s friends were attached to one’s body, after lunching with them, by a thin thread, which†¦became hazy with the sound of bells, striki ng the hour† (112).This statement furthers Woolf’s ideal that there is an inherent spiritual connection within human beings, a â€Å"thin thread† which connects humanity.   The interaction between the characters is remarkable, as Woolf continues to assert that there is a spiritual connection between human beings that surpasses any material, physical connection (8).Through means of narrative technique, fascinating imagery, and compelling themes, Woolf continues to assert her thesis in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† that fiction must be concerned with the reality of life, its inherent truth and spirituality.   If fiction is only willing to explore the material, it will do a disservice to humanity, for there is a world beyond the material that begs to be explored.   In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf explore this other world, and brings to light fascinating possibilities that lie far beyond that realms of the material.Works CitedLittleton, Jacob. â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway: Por trait of the Artist as a Middle-Aged Woman.† Twentieth Century Literature. Hempstead: Spring 1995. 41:1, 36-48.Miller, J. Hillis. â€Å"Repetition as Raising the Dead.† Virginia Woolf. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1986.Rosenmann, Ellen Bayuk. â€Å"The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother Daughter Relationship.† Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1986.Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway. New York: Harcourt, 1925.Woolf, Virginia. The Common Reader. 1st edition. 1925.

The secret life of bees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The secret life of bees - Essay Example olding of occurrences at the household of the Boatwright sisters and the community of worshippers of Our Lady of Chains, the Black Madonna, accorded opportunities for Lily to find what she was looking for. The primary character and narrator of the story is Lily, who was searching for answers regarding her mother’s past, prior to the event of her death. The struggles she was subjected to h encompasses theories of psychosocial framework delving into concepts of trust (in oneself and in T-Ray), guilt (due to the death of her mother), isolation (feeling alone and lonely), role confusion (her perception of being a girl and not acting like one) and feelings of despair (due to the loss of Lily’s mother). The story evolved in finding solutions to her dilemma through the assistance of a group (the Boatwright sisters and the community of worshippers) who were instrumental in giving her the much needed support and love, as well as the answers she was looking for. Her experiences of living and working with bees gave her the strength to accept the things that she could not change (being abandoned by her mother, the way her father treats her, racial inequalities, among others) and the resilience to accept what she has (her talents in writing, taking care of bees, being in love with Zach despite racial differences). The lesson of learning to accept the need to reveal the truth, despite its painful memory, as she revealed everything to August set her free and provided the impetus for understanding the facts about her mother’s abandoning her and T-Ray. This enabled her to move on and to actually forgive his father and to open herself to the love that Boatwright sisters and the community of worshippers give her. The Secret Life of Bees presented an analogy between Lily, as a bee, in search of her mother (the Queen). The secret she kept from the Boatwright sisters, though not immediately revealed, has caused her fear, anxiety and insecurities with regard to her relationships

Materiality in Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Materiality in Auditing - Essay Example Due to economic turmoil, every company has become more conscious about financial statements and auditing. The mission of the financial audit is to offer credible information for the effectiveness of the decision making process. In auditing function, materiality is an important concept. As per the Council for International Accountancy Standard (IASB), materiality is defined as a â€Å"general code for drawing up and presenting financial statements† (Maria & Franca, n.d.). Materiality is regarded as a financial misstatement. The variation is amid the budgeted and actual cost on the basis of the material purchased. Varied financial institutions and organizations have used materiality to make auditing report perfect (Fields, 2011). Therefore, Financial Accounting Standard Broad has renounced quantitative guidelines for determining materiality in auditing. In general auditing of a company is to provide a fair image of the financial statement. Nowadays, every private organization us e materiality to maintain secrecy in financial accounting statements. With the help of auditing systems financial institutes has minimized materiality in company’s financial statements (Baietti & et. al., 2012). It has been minimized by implementing the concept of materiality in the planning as well as final process. Materiality relies on various aspect of element considering situations of erroneous omission or presentation. The objective of this paper is to highlight materiality importance in auditing. Moreover, this study also highlights recent audit regulation, changed audit practice in relation to disclosure of materiality. The audit represents a professional reasoning that can be applied in any domain. The main purpose of discrepancies reported is to control some corrective measures necessary for reduction or elimination of identified discrepancies. The materiality concept depends upon dimension of element or an error

Principle-based Standards versus Rule-based Standards Essay

Principle-based Standards versus Rule-based Standards - Essay Example Every organization prepares its financial statements following a certain set of accounting principles, these standards are generally principle (McGregor & Street 2007). Accounting policy makers are now emphasizing on the effectiveness of principle based accounting and rule based accounting. The argument of these debates has different perceptions (Bennett, Bradbury & Prangnell 2006). However, accounting is a precise subject based on mathematics and does not have any place for judgments. This paper discusses the statement with respect to arguments on these accounting principles referring conceptual framework. Rule based Accounting emphasizes on the detailed rules that shall be followed by accounting while preparing financial statements (Benston, Bromwich & Wagenhofer 2006). It states that the absence of rules may not provide accurate reporting of financial results. When strict rules are followed the accuracy increases and the possibility of ambiguity decreases. On the other hand, princ iple based accounting as known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is more focused on the conceptual basis for accountants (Bennett, Bradbury & Prangnell 2006). It is more concerned to ensure good reporting through a set of guidance. Principle-based accounting provides a broad range of guidelines that may be practiced for a variety of circumstances (Collins, Pasewark & Riley 2012). Accountants debate that the application of rule-based and principle-based accounting is as complicated as issues of economics; the dynamic economical conditions are triggering point for accounting circumstances to transform (Benston, Bromwich & Wagenhofer 2006). Therefore, the effectiveness of the application of these rules and principle may remain controversial. Considering the conceptual framework both accounting standards are based on simple mathematics. Treatment of Elements The treatment of the accounting elements is evidenced that the accounting principles are based on simple mathematics (Jo nes 2011). The treatment of assets, equities, liabilities, revenue and expenditures in both rule based and principle based accounting standards is alike. According to the conceptual framework, the objectives and elements of accounting principles are similar (Bennett, Bradbury & Prangnell 2006). Principle-based accounting and Rule-Based accounting have largely same objectives. The qualitative characteristics of both standards are also similar; according to the recent research it has been concluded that GAAP and IFRS follow basic agreements on the qualitative characteristic, that is, Relevance, Understandability, Reliability and Comparability (Collins, Pasewark & Riley 2012). Qualitative Agreement The concept of understandability is also similar in both standards. Principle based accounting and rule based accounting standards emphases that the financial information shall be understandable for users of financial statements (Ampofo & Sellani 2010). Another qualitative agreement, that is relevance, both the standards provide basic agreements on that the financial information should be relevant. If we focus on the treatment of elements in Principle-based accounting and rules based accounting is similar (Agoglia, Timothy & Tsakumis 2011). Consider the treatment of revenue in the both principles is similar (Whittington 2008). The foundation of accounting is based on a formula that is assets are equal to a sum of liabilities and equities (McGregor & Street 2007). No major differences in the treatment of as

Governance and policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Governance and policy - Essay Example r administration in the UK adopted what can be called â€Å"supply side† economics, the cornerstone of which was reducing the tax rates for corporates with a view to encouraging them to produce more. The contention of this author is that the credit crunch of 2008 represents stresses that have been building up ever since the 1980’s and these are the result of the brand of economics and policies followed in the US and UK from that time onwards. As I point out in subsequent sections, the changes in the banking sector because of macro and micro factors led to the financial system being unstable. The fact that there were several crises, notably the Northern Rock, the Savings and Loans scandal along with the periodic instability that led to the Asian financial crisis of 1997 did not make it easy for the regulators as well. The credit crunch can be blamed on a combination of factors that include bad regulation, excessive speculation and a tendency towards risk taking that went beyond the acceptable levels. This tendencies were building up throughout the period starting in the 1980’s and reached their apogee in 2007 when the bubble burst with the fall in the housing market and consequent contraction of the economy. What exacerbated the situation was the spike in Oil prices in 2008 which meant that people had lesser money to spare for repaying their mortgages as the oil price increase pinched the wallets of the consumers (Rubin, 2009). Atkinson and Elliott point out: The modern era has been characterized by slower growth in average real incomes, higher levels of debt to maintain living standards, greater job insecurity and financial crises that have become more frequent and more far reaching. The only class that has benefited unambiguously from this new world order is that of the gods of greed (Elliot and Atkinson, 2008). To explain this point further, what has essentially happened is that there was excessive speculation that came from availability of easy credit and

Spanish Identity during the Peninsular War Essay

Spanish Identity during the Peninsular War - Essay Example This was due to its proximity to the different factions that later on became synonymous with its history. The Spanish Domain integrated different colonies, conglomerating these into one major kingdom, and grew to become one of the major global empires of its time1. However, the Spanish history was laden with different kinds of wars, from revolutionist wars as shown by the French revolution that involved most European nations including Spain, to religious wars that all form significant parts of the Spanish past. Spain’s involvement in these wars was partly fuelled by its generally flourishing status of the economy courtesy of the revenue and riches that it generated from its acquisition of colonies especially in Africa coupled with its massive manifestation in the Americas. During these early times, Spain established itself into the niche of being among the most powerful nations, and its conquests led it to establishing a vast empire stretching over most parts of Europe. Howeve r, despite all these subjugations, the wars drained Spanish economy, especially under the reign of the Habsburg administration that was deemed negligent and incompetent on most matters. This decline in power gradually led to tensions in the Spanish realm later on culminating to a different rule, the Bourbons, taking over the Spanish control. Despite the general conception that Spain is among the ancient European nations, its true sense of identity presented itself with the onset of the 19th century especially with the advent of the Peninsula war. This idealization is due to the inception of the peninsular war that delineated the real state of the Spanish national identity and initiated the true civilization that united Spain on a single purpose hence leading to its inherent identification and true sense of sovereignty. Prior to the 19th century, French had ridden on a number of conquests and successes that ensured it enjoyed domination over most other European empires. This was unde r Napoleon, who had a penchant for confrontations in the quest for territorial expansion. In light of this, Napoleon initiated the peninsular war through moving his troops through Spain in attack of Portugal, only to turn upon the Spanish empire thereby leading to the Spanish uprising in defense of their territorial abuse by the French. This initiated the true Spanish identity in the struggle for the Iberian Peninsula in the wake of the Napoleonic initiated wars2. Through this war, the French were able to disintegrate the Spanish administration leading to smaller factions that tried to maintain the Spanish identity through guerilla type of warfare. Due to the various enmities that Napoleon had created, British and Portuguese states combined forces with the guerilla tactics of the partly annihilated Spanish empire to prevent further conquest by Napoleon. Following the disintegration of the Spanish entity into smaller factions during the peninsular war, the Spanish nationals sensed th e threat of territorial defeat and embarked on uniting under one cause to protect their identity end ensure national prosperity3. This lead to the different factions coming under one political annex to ensure proper national unity in the quest for the independence they enjoyed prior to the war. This highly led the Spanish to view the war as an independence struggle, despite enjoying stable independence prior to the war. The social aspects of Spain during this war ensured it gained enforcement

Should the legislature of the state of texas pass senate bill 11 and Essay

Should the legislature of the state of texas pass senate bill 11 and senate bill 17 - Essay Example The two bills that were discussed were the SB 11, the campus carry bill and SB 17, the open carry bill (Habib 43). The bills passed and forwarded to the committee and the Senate respectively for considerations to be done. The Texas Moms Demand Action Chapter for the American Presidents Gun Sense has been advocating some strict gun regulations (Hupp 45). The president has had the chance to testify at the end of the day opposing both the SB 11 and SB 17 bills. The bills operate by expounding the system of the state for hidden handgun licenses. The system allows for those who are over the age of 21 to pass a check on criminal background and complete the safety and proficiency training to be allowed to carry concealed handguns (Lott 18). The SB 11 bill if passed will allow for those who have qualified for a CHL to carry their guns even inside the classrooms of buildings on college campuses. Presently, those who hold the CHL may carry the guns on campus but they are not allowed to carry them on the college buildings. The laws on taxes also allow the holders to carry other long guns such as the shotguns and rifles (Smith 25). The SB 17 bill, on the other hand, will expand the existing laws to allow the CHL holders to carry their handguns openly. Consequently, the topic of whether those who hold CHL tend to be law abiding and safe is paramount for the lawmakers to put into consideration as they debate on passing the two bills (Ludwig and Lott 20). The Texas based public security department has also posted the conviction rates done to the CHL holders compared to the general population of Texas on their website that date way back from 1996. Although, the DPS does not in any case consider the convictions made to the CHL h olders to be final until a year elapses after the convictions have been made (Tanne 14). The time is given to allow appeals to be done and to generate the reports at

Genting Group Essay Example for Free

Genting Group Essay The Genting Group was founded by the late Tan Sri (Dr.) Lim Goh Tong in 1965. It is one of Malaysia’s top multinational corporations. The Genting Group involves in several different sectors such as the leisure hospitality, power generation, oil palm plantation, property development, biotechnology and oil gas sectors. Tan Sri (Dr.) Lim Goh Tong started his project with the building of a 20-kilometre private access road, across tough mountainous terrains from the foothills to the summit of Mount Ulu Kali, located at 2,000 metres above sea level and also the first highlands resort on the mountain in Malaysia which formerly named Genting Highlands Resort. For a corporation to grow, business objectives are important because objectives give direction to a business. The Genting Group had been operating for 47years till today and we can see it with our eye that it indeed grows from strength to strength. This is because The Genting Group had clearly stated out their goals and objectives and did well in achieving it. One of the goals of The Genting Group is â€Å"Care for the Community†. To achieve this goal, The Genting Group had set the objectives to help the community. The Genting Group done a great job in achieving the objective in the year 2011 by dedicated amount more than RM25 million to many charities and community. The organizations that benefit from The Genting Group are Malaysian Liver Foundation, MAA-Medicare Kidney Foundation, OrphanCare Baby Hatch Programme, Malaysian Crime Prevention Foundation, Malaysia Diabetes Association and The Federation of Chinese Associations Malaysia. As for the organizations in foreign country included The Straits Times School Pocket Money Fund, The Business Times Budding Artists Fund, Heartware Network, Milk Fund and the Jane Goodall Institute in Singapore; the GREaT Foundation, BBC’s Children In Need and Cancer UK through Race for Life events, Cancer UK, Comic Relief, Marie Curie Cancer Care, Japanese Red Cross and also the Japanese Earthquake Relief. Besides that when the Sultanah of Pahang DYMM Sultanah Hajjah Kalsom binti Abdullah officially launched the Orang Asli Che Wong Cultural Building in Lanchang, Pahang on 19 November 2011, The Genting Group donated a 2,800-square-foot cultural building which consists of a classroom, an exhibition room and a hall for performances that cost a total of RM180, 000 and the Genting employees also lend a helping hand by volunteered in the landscaping and beautification  efforts. Furthermore in Malaysia, the Group participated in the Roti 1Malaysia charity project. This project is successful with the kind sponsored of bread from Resorts World Genting together with other hotels and bakeries in the Klang Valley and distribute to over 50 orphanages and homes weekly. Therefore from here we can see that The Genting Group had made their effort in helping the community generously and sincerely. This is shown when it is not only the corporation care the community but also the employees of Genting Group involve themselves too. Although The Genting Group had did well in their objectives, however I suggest that The Genting Group could set out another objective in order to achieve the goal, â€Å"maintaining long-term sustainable growth in our core businesses†. This objective is basically to care the customers, for example, â€Å"Provide the best environment and services to customers† and this can be achieved by improving the casino. If we compare between the Resort World Sentosa Casino and Genting Highlands casinos, we can obviously see that the Genting Highlands casinos are not so good than the other one. This is because of the environment and ventilation. The ventilation of Genting Highlands casino was poor and the air is stuffy. This may be cause of the casinos is not smoke free and therefore is full of cigarette smoke. The decoration of the Genting Highlands casinos are more in the 80s, it looks old and tradition. On the other hand, the Resort World Sentosa Casino is more clean and good ventilation. This is because the casino was divided into smoking area and non-smoking area. The decoration of the casino is grand and the environment is more comfortable and relaxing compare with Genting Highlands casinos. The Resort World Sentosa Casino is more strict compare with Genting Highlands Casinos. In The Resort World Sentosa Casino, the security will not let customers without passport to enter the casino but for Genting Highlands Casinos, the securities will not check every single customer, therefore there may be underage youngster enter the casinos. The Genting Highlands Casinos should immediately take action in order to provide a better environment for their customers to ensure customers loyalty that can increase the profit of the company. As a conclusion, The Genting Group did do well in overall. It provides an array of enjoyment and fun for all people, from children to senior citizen.

Teacher and School Essay Example for Free

Teacher and School Essay Discipline is what enables us to follow through our daily actions and behaviors. We know that if we go anywhere around the world we have to be disciplined. Discipline is the only way to keep us physically as well as mentally fit. The most important discipline of a person is to be honest, ethical and confident in both home and in respective premises. Discipline at school: * We have to come regular in the school. * We must come to school on time. * We should show respect to others and ourselves. * We should follow the rules and regulations of the school and should take responsibilities of our action. * We must not bring anything in school that can be harmful or not allowed. * We must obey our teachers. * We must bring our identity card regularly and must not keep any classwork incomplete. * If we do not understand any lesson we must ask the teachers to help us once again. * We should help others with their own works when asked. * We should keep our school uniform neat and clean. * We must do our homework regularly. * We must arrange the chairs and switch off the fans and lights at the end of the day of school. * In classroom we must listen to what our teachers say and stop them who disturbs in the class. * We also should help the teachers with their task whenever asked. * We must not disturb the teachers or anyone in the class. * In school we must not quarrel or fight about anything in the class or anywhere in school. If anything happens in the class or school even with a small issue, we should discuss it with the teacher. * If by mistake anyone else’s copy or other stuff comes with us and we know that it is others’ copy we must politely return it back. * If we have done any mistake then we should apologize for the mistake to the teacher. Last but not the least, we should always be polite and show dissents to the elders, youngers and to our classmates. Disciplines at home: Home is the only place where we get to learn about the self-discipline and basic morals. In home we also have some responsibilities to fulfill. Those are: * The first duty which must be maintained at home is to respect our parents and elders. * It is our responsibility to keep our house neat and clean. * We must take care of our grandparents and everyone in our home and serve them to whatever they need. * We should try to do our works by ourselves. * We must maintain peace by cooperating with each other without quarrelling or fighting. * At home we must dust the house gear. * We also should garden the plants and trees regularly in the garden. * We must pick up the unused things and keep them in the proper place. * We should help our mother to do the household impositions. * We must wash our own cloths properly. * We must help the others with their work whenever asked. * We must clean up what we drop after eating. * If we make our room dirty and untidy, it is our concern to keep it clean. * Also we should save water, electricity, gas and other natural reserves as much as we can. To enjoy good health, to bring true happiness to ones family, to bring peace to all, one must first discipline and control ones own mind. If a man can control his mind he can find the way to instruction, and all wisdom and virtue will naturally come to him. We know that in home we represent our school and in school we represent our home. So it is important to be disciplined everywhere. Discipline at school and at home Name: Tasnim Ferdous. Class: ViiRoll no: 24Sec: Blue.

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership There is no doubt that one of the major elements of research in organizational behaviour is Leadership. With a quick overlook on the last decade researches, we can find that the researches which are related to leadership have captured the interest of a large portion of researchers all over the world. A relational based approach to leadership using leader-member exchange theory seems to be a significant leadership research stream. Beside of this, based on the assumptions of major researches we can find that Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory illustrates the dyadic procedure by which responsibilities and anticipations are developed for a leader with each subordinate (Dansereauet al., 1975; Graen and Cashman, 1975). According to the suppositions of this theory, we can find few differences between the qualities of the exchange relationship, because this element frequently differs from one subordinate to another. In Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory we have two kinds of relationship, f irst one is high exchange relationships and the second one is lower exchange relationships. In one hand, High exchange relationships are developed with some subordinates, in the other hand in contrast lower exchange relationships are expected to be developed with other subordinates (Graen and Cashman,1975). There are three dimensions which can describe and characterize High-exchange relationships: high-level of trust, liking, and respect, and they engage with expectations of mutual exchange. In organization we can find some kinds of balance between behaviour of leaders and subordinates; the leader provides and prepares outcomes desired by subordinates, such as motivating and exciting tasks, extra responsibilities and consciousnesses, and larger compensations. In the other hand, in exchange for preparing these desired outcomes, the subordinates are supposed to be committed to the work and loyal to the leader and organization. In low-quality exchange relationships, because of the natu re of relationship subordinates are only expected to do the formal and official necessities of their normal jobs, and additional benefits and promotes are not offered by the leader. Beside of that, Exchange relationships develop and extend slowly after a while and are emphasized by the behaviour of the leader and the subordinates. In the preliminary version of LMX theory, having some kind of diverse exchange relationships was viewed as typical and beneficial and trustable and reliable for a leader, but Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995) later suggested that a leader have to try to develop high-exchange relationships with as many subordinates as is feasible. Based on the result of a large number of researches, High LMXs suggest a number of helpful and positive outcomes for a leader and there is no doubt that LMX was correlated positively with few elements like subordinate performance, satisfaction with supervision, overall job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and role clarity. A more recent review by Erdogan and Liden (2002) reminded further positive and helpful outcomes of LMX, including more innovation, less job stress, and greater workplace safety. Most of the research on the correlates of LMX has focused on ending results rather than antecedents (Erdogan and Liden, 2002).While these researches are important to our overall understanding of the LMX concept, there is little evidence of personal or interpersonal attributes associated with these relationships (Phillips and Bedeian, 1994). According to result of many researches and their results, for getting better and increasing our understanding of the LMX relationship and its formation, research is needed on the antecedents associated with the leader-member exchange procedure. In this study I am going through investigate two significant antecedents thought to be related to the quality and excellence of the subordinate-supervisor relationship: demographic similarity and emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is one of the most widely discussed topics in current industrial, work, and organisational psychology. The concept of EI was firstly introduced by Salovey and Mayaer as a Type of social intelligence, separable from general intelligence, which involves the ability to monitor ones own and others emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide ones thinking and actions. In a later effort, they (Salovey Mayer, 1990) expanded their model and defined emotional intelligence as the ability of an individual to perceive accurately, evaluate, and express emotion; the ability to access and generate feelings and emotions when they facilitate thought; the ability to understand emotion and emotional knowledge; and the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and rational and intellectual growth. Researches have shown that emotional intelligence is the common factor that influences the different ways in which people develop in their social s kills, lives, and also in their jobs; control their emotions; get along with other people; and handle frustration. It has been discovered that the difference between a simply brilliant person and a brilliant manager is due to a persons emotional intelligence. Finally, it is emotional intelligence that dictates the way people deal with each other and understand emotions. Thus, emotional intelligence is considered very important for business leaders because if business leaders are insensitive to the mood of their staff or team, it may cause frustration and, therefore, not get the best out of people (Anonymous, 2004). Turner (2004) has stated that emotional intelligence is the softer component of total intelligence and that it contributes to both professional and personal lives of people. Traditional IQ is the ability of learning, understanding, and reasoning. It is now thought to contribute only 20% to ones success, whereas emotional quotient (EQ), which is the ability of understandin g oneself and interacting with people, contributes 80%. EQ is very critical to effective leadership. IQ has been linked to job performance and is a key factor and element in recruitment. However, EQ is obvious in the managers/leaders ability to retain their positions and be successful in their roles. In fact most of the firms hire for intelligence (IQ) and sack because of attitude (EQ). 1.2 Statement of Purpose The present study aims to examine the relationship between EI, demographic issues (age, gender, and race) as a moderator variable and LMX. Two hypotheses would be tested. First, there will be a significant and positive relationship between EI and higher LMX quality. Second, there will be significant positive relationship between quality of LMX and the mentioned demographic issues. 1.3 Significance of Study More research has been conducted on the outcomes of LMX than on its determinants, but several antecedents have been identified (Liden et al., 1997; Nahrgang et al., 2009; Schriesheim et al., 1999). A favorable exchange relationship is more likely when the subordinate is perceived to be competent and dependable, and the subordinates values, attitudes, and demographic attributes are similar to those of the leader. Some personality traits for the leader and subordinate (e.g. agreeableness, extroversion, positive affectivity) may also be related to LMX. However, the number of studies on traits is too small to reach any firm conclusions, and the studies did not include mediating variables such as emotional intelligence to explain the relationship. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Leader Member-Exchange Theory The concept of vertical dyadic linkage or LMX was introduced in the 1970s (Dansereau et al., 1975). The original idea was born out of the fact that ratings that different followers report for the same leader have a variance that goes beyond simple measurement errors and appears in fact to reflect something meaningful. Graen and colleagues (e.g., Dansereau et al., 1975) assume that this variance is due to the different behavior that the leader shows towards different followers. Instead of viewing leadership as a phenomenon a leader shows towards a group, leadership is regarded as a dyadic phenomenon, happening between one leader and one follower. More recent developments of this stream of research focus more extensively on the quality of the relationship between leader and follower (for an overview see Graen and Uhl-Bien, 1995). Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory suggests that a leader will develop an exchange relationship over time with each subordinate (Dienesch and Liden, 1986; Graen and Cashman, 1975; Graen and Scandura, 1987; Graen and Uhl-Bien,1995). Empirical studies have found a positive correlation between LMX quality and several indicators of leadership effectiveness (e.g. Graen and Uhl-Bien, 1995; Harris et al., 2009; Schriesheim et al., 1999). In a meta-analytic study Gerstner and Day (1997) found that a favorable exchange relationship was related to higher subordinate satisfaction, greater organizational commitment, better job performance, and lower turnover. Erdogan and Liden (2002) reported additional positive outcomes of a favorable exchange relationship, such as more creativity, less job stress, and better workplace safety. More research has been conducted on the outcomes of LMX than on its determinants, but several antecedents have been identified (Liden et al., 1997; Nahrgang et al., 2009; Schriesheim et al., 1999). The development of LMX may also be affected by contextual variables (Liden et al., 1997). It may be more difficult for the leader to develop favorable exchange relationships when the work unit or team has many members, when the members are only temporarily assigned to the team, when the members are widely dispersed and seldom interact with the leader, when the leader is overloaded with responsibilities and has little time for interaction with individual members, or when the leader has little power to provide rewards and benefits desired by members. As we know Leader empathy, ethical values, and relations-oriented behavior all appear to be relevant for effective leadership, A recent study found that LMX is correlated more with relations-oriented behaviors than with other types of leadership behaviors (Yukl et al., 2009). The relations-oriented behaviors included providing psychological support, recognizing subordinate contributions, developing subordinate skills, consulting with subordinates to learn about their ideas and concerns, and delegating more authority and responsibility to subordinates. It has been more than three decades since researchers focused on the role of social exchange in leader-member relationship (Scandura, 1999). The leader-member exchange (leader-member exchange) theory basically argues that leaders develop differentiated dyadic relationships with their subordinates. Social exchange theory sees the interactions between the leader and members as interdependent and contingent on the actions of the other party (Cropanzano and Mitchell, 2005). Social exchange is said to evolve when employers takes care of their employees. Over time, this reciprocal relationship evolves into a trusting and loyal relationship. High quality leader-member exchange is characterized by mutual trust, liking, respect and reciprocal influence between the leader and team members (Liden and Maslyn, 1998). Low quality leader-member exchange is marked by a relationship that is based strictly on the terms of the employment contract (Liden and Maslyn, 1998). The research on LMX has captured the interest of researchers in many parts of the world. Hassan et al. (2009) highlight the role of LMX quality and communication with supervisor as an antecedent of team-oriented commitment among Malaysian workers. Bhals (2006) work mentioned earlier involved Indian IT workers. Schyns et al. (2008) found support for the effect of personality traits such as Need for Leadership and dependence on follower rating of LMX quality among Dutch workers. A study involving German employees by Schyns and Wolfram (2008) indicates that the key concerns that followers have in assessing the quality of LMX they have with their leader are different from the concerns that leaders have. Whereas leaders are primarily concerned with performance, followers are concerned with consideration. However, the ability of a leader to address the concern for consideration will lead to followers reciprocating by delivering performance. 2.2 Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence enables people to deal with everything with a measure of balance and maturity. Emotionally intelligent people have a deep rooted sense of self that helps them to understand other people, keep things in proportion, retain focus, and understand what is important. Moreover they retain a positive viewpoint approximately all of the time, they are successful in everything that they choose to do, they have high work performance, they have high personal productivity levels, and they consequently enjoy greater job satisfaction. Performance measures that often exclude the soft skills fail to reflect any positive consequences of EI development that may be occurring within the organization. Emotional elements underlie the dynamics of many aspects of modern and new organizations, and the role of EI must be considered while devising organizational policies, processes, and procedures. Lubit (2004) considered social competence to be an important and main component of EI, making it very valuable and significant for teams. Welch (2003) has said that EI makes teams able to boost their performance. In an era of teamwork, it is necessary to find out what makes teams work. His research has shown that the same as individuals, the most effective teams are the emotionally intelligent teams and that any team can improve and achieve higher levels of EI. In his study, teams with same aggregate IQ were compared, and it was discovered that teams with high levels of EI outperformed teams with low levels of EI by a margin of two to one. He highlighted two significant points. First one is that, there is evidence that EI in teams is an important factor. And the second one indicates that, there is the assertion that EI can be developed. He also proposed that these five EI team competencies build on individual EI skills: inclusiveness, adaptability, assertiveness, empathy, and influen ce. However, these competencies are not enough on their own. Trust is the foundation of teamwork for it to be a truly joyous undertaking; it allows people to examine where they can improve without becoming self-critical or defensive. 2.3 Research Questions Research Objectives Research Questions: RQ1: Is there any significant and positive relationship between EI and LMX quality? RQ2: Is there any significant and positive relationship between demographic dissimilarity and LMX? Research Objectives: RO1. Investigation the relationship of Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) RO2. Investigation the relationship of Demographic issues and Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) 3. Methodology Leader emotional intelligence will be measured with four items from a sub-scale of the questionnaire on emotional intelligence developed by Wong and Law (2002). Each item had six Likert-type response choices (1-strongly disagree to 6-strongly agree). Only the four items with positive wordings were used. Sample items include: My manager is very aware of how other people are feeling. My manager is a good observer of emotions in other people. LMX will be measured with the LMX-7 instrument developed by Scandura and Graen (1984). Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995, p. 236) provided additional support for the validity of this questionnaire. Each item had five anchored response choices with unique anchors that are appropriate for the item. The wording for the response choices in a few items was slightly changed to reduce ambiguity. Sample items include: How well does your boss understand and appreciate your talents and potential; How much confidence does your boss have in your ability to do the work; How willing are you to do extra work to help your boss deal with a difficult problem; How would you describe the relationship between you and your boss

parenting Essay -- essays research papers

There are some grounds to assume that a cognitive dissonance is involved in feeling that children are more a satisfaction than a nuisance. Why do people bother with parenting? It is time consuming, exhausting, strains otherwise pleasurable and tranquil relationships to their limits. Still, humanity keeps at it: breeding. It is the easiest to resort to Nature. After all, all living species breed and most of them parent. We are, all taken into consideration, animals and, therefore, subject to the same instinctive behaviour patterns. There is no point in looking for a reason: survival itself (whether of the gene pool or, on a higher level, of the species) is at stake. Breeding is a transport mechanism: handing the precious cargo of genetics down generations of "organic containers". But this is a reductionist view, which both ignores epistemological and emotional realities – and is tautological, thereby explaining something in terms of itself. Calling something by a different name or describing the mechanisms involved in minute detail does not an explanation make. First hypothesis: we bring children to the world in order to "circumvent" death. We attain immortality (genetically and psychologically – though in both cases it is imaginary) by propagating our genetic material through the medium of our offspring. This is a highly dubious claim. Any analysis, however shallow, will reveal its weaknesses. Our genetic material gets diluted beyond reconstruction with time. It constitutes 50% of the first generation, 25% of the second and so on. If this were the paramount concern – incest should have been the norm, being a behaviour better able to preserve a specific set of genes (especially today, when genetic screening can effectively guard against the birth of defective babies). Moreover, progeny is a dubious way of perpetuating one's self. No one remembers one's great great grandfathers. One's memory is better preserved by intellectual feats or architectural monuments. The latter are much better conduits than children and grandchildren. Still, this indoctrinated misconception is so strong that a baby boom characterizes post war periods. Having been existentially threatened, people multiply in the vain belief that they thus best protect their genetic heritage and fixate their memory. In the better-educated, higher income, low infant mort... ...en, he develops a circle of admirers, cronies and friends which he "nurtures and cultivates" in order to obtain Narcissistic Supply from them. He overvalues them (they are the brightest, the most loyal, with the biggest chances to climb the corporate ladder and other superlatives). But following some anti-narcissistic behaviours on their part (a critical remark, a disagreement, a refusal, however polite, all constitute such behaviours) – the narcissist devalues all these previously over-valued individuals. Now they are stupid, lack ambition, skills and talents, common (the worst expletive in the narcissist's vocabulary), with an unspectacular career ahead of them. The narcissist feels that he is misallocating his resources (for instance, his time). He feels besieged and suffocated. He rebels and erupts in a serious of self-defeating and self-destructive behaviours, which lead to the disintegration of his life. Doomed to build and ruin, attach and detach, appreciate and depreciate, the narcissist is predictable in his Death Wish. What sets him apart from other suicidal types is that his wish is granted to him in small, tormenting doses throughout his anguished life.

The End of Play Essay -- Article Review, Marie Winn

Long gone are the days of playing kickball and flying kites in the park on a Saturday afternoon. Children of today's society would most likely prefer staying inside playing Guitar Hero on their Xboxes or watching the latest episodes of their favorite television show during their free time. The time for imaginative and physical play is slowly being pushed to the side as the years pass by, and room is being made for empty, redundant television shows and video games. The essence of childhood play is gradually diminishing as today's society encourages the idea of growing up as quickly as possible. In the process of allowing children to indulge in as much television and video games as they please, the problem of childhood obesity is introduced since outdoor play and physical activities are not of great importance to today's children anymore. Children should have a restricted amount of time on how much they are allowed to watch television or play video games so that they learn the importan t benefits of outdoor and imaginative play, ultimately resulting to a healthier lifestyle. In Marie Winn's article titled â€Å"The End of Play†, she discusses the topic of how children today are seeming to lose the sense of being a child. Compared to children of previous generations, the children of today's society have parallel interests and occupations of modern day adults. (Winn 1). They seem to be losing touch with their inner child and skipping straight to adulthood. A child a couple of decades ago would be easily distinguished from an adult due to their interests, but since then television and video games have replaced the imaginative play that children once enjoyed. (Winn 2). In Winn's article, a parent of two school-age children mentions that s... ... relationships to be shaped effectively. (Winn 29). The issues of losing the essence of being a child, the encouragement of obesity and the inability to function socially have one common factor that ties them together. They are all negatively influenced by the presence of television and video games. The regulation of television and video games has not been brought to attention until recently, but is it too late to reverse the effects it is having on the present generation of children? Not much can be done to undo the leniency society has allowed for the past couple decades except to educate the children and implement more restrictions on what is being broadcasted and marketed towards their age group. The children are a very important fundamental to society because they are, after all, the ones who will run our future and generations after the next.

Cross-cultural Communication Essay

In order to accomplish the task I decided to interview my friend from Italy who arrived to the USA after having won a language competition to live and study here and whom I recently visited in Italy. So, below you may see some differences and similarities of American and Italian culture. First of all he decided to rent a car since it was more convenient than a train or other transportation vehicle. He noted that there are almost no pedestrians in the streets as everybody drives a car. Also, he stated that American people take care of their life as no other culture in the world because they have a list of emergency calls in every household and therefore are rightfully scared to death of Italian drivers. The system of driving in Italy is almost beyond American understanding. The basic difference is that Americans like lanes and pretty much expect everybody to stay in one. Italy does not work like this at all. Instead they use a surprisingly tolerant system of swerving, tail gating, and other go-as-you-please driving etiquette that Americans would be driven to homicidal road rage by if it happened in the hometown. Traveling through Italy American person will never see anyone irritated or aggressive while driving. Italians just casually drive like maniacs and know that everyone else is too. Along the way, they adore chatting and laughing with each other. As a huge generalization Italians are very attractive people. It felt like people are living in an Armani commercial. But as he says they smoke everywhere, all the time. As expected, he liked American food everywhere: in restaurants, in coffee shops, etc. although he was more accustomed to have a dessert and a thimble of coffee. It was quite a surprise for him to reveal that dinners last an hour or an hour and a half at most while in Italy they go on for hours. Time in general moves differently in the USA, as he says. In the USA days start earlier than according to the Italian standards. In Italy the whole country shuts down from one o’clock to three or four o’clock every afternoon. There is also a great difference in architecture of these two cultures. Italy is full of narrow streets, plazas and buildings. He says if you want to live in an apartment that is several hundred years old and is probably built on top of even older building you can do it. In the USA it is hard to find something older than about 200 years old. In my essay I would like to refer to the idea of the context of situation (Kramsch 25) that includes three major parts: o The field of discourse o The tenor of discourse o The mode of discourse The field of discourse covers the situation of visiting another country and penetrating into its culture. The tenor implies the participants, while the mode includes the role of the language in this situation. Therefore, it would be appropriate to note that Italian tradition of driving may serve as a good example of the context of situation. First of all, it involves such important factors as high level of emotionality, hot weather, narrow streets, and their somewhat confusing location. As the tenor of discourse investigates the members of the situation, it is necessary to mention here the importance of the origin of the participants. As we may see from the interview and from my own experience Italians and Americans drive in completely different way and both of them believe that their driving tradition is the best and most convenient. In conclusion, I may add that cultural diversity implies different traditions that require understanding, open-mindness, and tolerance. References Kramsch, Claire. (2003). Language and Culture (4th edition). New York: Oxford University Press.

Malaysian Airline System

From a small air service that began with a 5-seater twin engined Airspeed Consul in 1947, Malaysia Airlines has grown into an award-winning airline with a fleet of more than 100 aircraft, servicing more than 110 destinations across six continents. Today, Malaysian Airlines System Berhad is a corporation with a vision of global expansion. The airline's network will grow extensively in response to consumer demand for worldwide coverage. The airline's enhanced in-flight services, reliable ground support and excellent infrastructure will set new world standards. Company History: Malaysian Airlines System Berhad is the holding company for Malaysia's national airline carrier, one of Asia's fastest growing airlines. Through several other subsidiaries, the company manufactures aircraft parts, offers trucking and cargo transportation services, caters food, provides laundry and dry-cleaning services for airlines and other industrial institutions, and oversees a travel agency. Company Chairman Tajudin Ramli owns a significant share in Malaysian Airlines System (MAS), and the Malaysian government retains a strong voice in MAS affairs. 930s Origins The history of Malaysian Airlines dates back to 1937, when the Straits Steamship Co. of Singapore joined forces with two British companies–Ocean Steamship Co. and Imperial Airways–and won approval from Singapore's government to operate an airline in the region. Malayan Airways Limited was registered on October 21, 1937. Getting clearance and getting planes in the air, however, proved to be two different things for Malayan Airways Ltd. Operations did not begin until 1947, well after the Japanese occupation had come to an end, when a twin-engined Airspeed Consul lifted off from Subang International Airport in Kuala Lumpur, linking that city with Singapore, Ipoh, and Penang in the north of the country. In 1947 the fledgling airline added a 21-seater DC-3 to its fleet of three Airspeed Consuls. By the end of the year the airline was flying to Jakarta (then called Batavia), Palembang, Bangkok, Medan, and Saigon (later called Ho Chi Minh City). Jointly controlled by the intercontinental carriers BOAC and Qantas, Malayan Airways as for a time run by Keith Hamilton, who would later become head of Qantas. 1960s Independence Following Malaysia's political establishment in September 1963–the new country comprised the former states of Malaya and Singapore, and the one-time colonies of North Borneo, Sabah, and Sarawak–Malayan Airways became Malaysian Airways and was reorganized to focus on connecting the new country's disparate regions. Expansion brought more aircraft into the fleet after Borneo Airways was purchased and folded into Malaysian Airways in 1965. This brought four Dakota jets and two Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer aircraft to the carrier's stable of aircraft. More organizational changes for the airline occurred in 1966, a year after Singapore seceded from Malaysia to become a sovereign state on its own. That year, the governments of Singapore and Malaysia jointly bought a controlling stake in the airline and renamed it Malaysia-Singapore Airlines Ltd. (MSA). Powerful Boeing jets then entered the fleet and enabled flights to reach a number of far-flung Asian destinations. However, differences between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore over the future direction of MSA prompted a split in 1972. Lee Kuan Yew, prime minister of Singapore, desired a truly national carrier for his country, the aim being to fly a small fleet of Boeing 707s displaying the yellow and blue colors of Singapore Airlines. Malaysia likewise chose to go its own way. In October 1972, Malaysian Airline Systems (MAS) was established. (The acronym MAS means gold in the Malaysian language. ) Each of its aircraft would henceforth sport a winged tiger logo, a stylized form of the traditional Kelantan â€Å"wau† or Malaysian kite. The split was crucial to the future fortunes of MAS. From 1972, the airline continued to see itself as a regional carrier, connecting a myriad of remote destinations in Peninsular Malaysia, including Sabah and Sarawak. Singapore Airlines, on the other hand, was committed from its inception to becoming an international success. By 1975, Singapore Airlines was flying to Seoul, Hong Kong, and Taipei. A year later, that airline was carrying passengers to Paris, Dubai, and New Zealand. Unlike Singapore, Malaysia looked to focus on exploiting its vast reserves of natural resources–petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, timber products, and rubber. The country's government would choose much later than Singapore had to attempt competing with Western companies in manufacturing and high-tech markets. Thus, maintaining a successful regional airline carrier was judged the best strategy for Malaysia during the 1970s. The company slowly built up its regional services to Jakarta and Medan in Indonesia. Later the destinations of Bangkok, Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore were added. â€Å"Malaysia felt that MAS was not serving the needs of Malaysians,† explained Abdullah Mat Zaid, director of corporate planning at MAS. Expanding as a regional airline was not without incident for MAS. In 1978, the company's low-wage policy met with a setback. Kuala Lumpur had set out rules limiting union activity at the national air carrier as a means of keeping wages and costs down, and a bitter and disruptive labor dispute occurred in 1978. Events surrounding a strike at the national airline prompted the government to intervene and cite MAS workers as being engaged in illegal activity. Several union officials were subsequently arrested. Growth in the 1980s–90s  An economic boom in Malaysia during the 1980s helped spur growth at Malaysian Airlines. By the end of the decade, MAS was flying to 47 overseas destinations. These included eight European cities: London, Zurich, Paris, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Vienna, Amsterdam, and Brussels. MAS also flew at this time to six Australian cities–Brisbane, Adelaide, Darwin, Perth, Melbourne, and Sydney&mdash well as to Auckland, New Zealand. Besides flights to such Asian hubs as Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Peking, MAS also connected with Los Angeles and Honolulu. By 1992, MAS had added scheduled flights to Athens, Madrid, and Rome, and plans were in motion to reach at least one destination in Eastern Europe. Moreover, a new service to South Africa and Brazil was scheduled for 1993. The airline would also look to reach one city on the eastern seaboard of the United States. MAS also chose during the early 1990s to expand by teaming up with other airlines to make additional destinations available for its customers. For example, Iran Air connected Kuala Lumpur with Tehran, and Royal Jordanian connected MAS flights with Amman. In addition, joint services to Chile and Argentina were discussed in late 1991. The impetus for this expansion came from Malaysia's burgeoning economy. Between 1986 and 1991, the country's export-oriented economy posted an average real growth of nine percent. Changes to Malaysia's foreign investment rules during the mid-1980s were designed to help speed a shift from an economy previously dependent on natural resources to a finely tuned industrialized economy. At the same time, a number of large Asian and Western corporations such as Sanyo, NEC, Toshiba, and Philips established branch plants in Malaysia. The extra traffic of company officials flying back and forth from their headquarters to Malaysia, and the transportation of their high-tech goods, spurred on ticket sales for the airline. The number of business passengers MAS accommodated was underscored by gross foreign investments in Malaysia that rose 30 percent in 1991 to M$10. 7 billion ($5 billion). The 1980s–90s Tourist Trade As the country's export trade thundered ahead in the late 1980s, so did the domestic passenger traffic in and out of Malaysia, and naturally tourism also provided a springboard to expansion for MAS. By the late 1980s Malaysia began to go after the prized Western tourist, a market already well exploited by neighboring Thailand and the Philippines. Nearly 5. 5 million travelers visited Malaysia in 1991. Although the country, and its airline, were hit by the effects of the Gulf War and global recessionary conditions, tourism contributed M$5 billion–or $2. 4 billion&mdasho the country's trade balance in 1991. The bulk of these tourists came from neighboring Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Kuala Lumpur's plans to build a number of luxury golf courses in the country were expected to help secure growing numbers of Japanese tourists. Getting into the package tour business also helped MAS encourage increased passenger traffic. Malaysia Airlines Golden Holiday packages and Malaysia Stopover packages were established in 1984. These encouraged European and Australian travelers in transit between the two continents to take a rest break in Malaysia before carrying on to their final destination. To further stimulate tourism, a joint campaign was run by the Malaysian government and MAS to declare 1990 Visit Malaysia Year. During the year, some 7. 4 million tourists flew into and out of the country, as compared with the 4. 8 million tourists who visited Malaysia in the previous year. Another source of new traffic for the airline was the growing number of foreign students attending educational institutions in Malaysia. In September 1989 the International School of Kuala Lumpur registered 700 students; a year later, the school had doubled its enrollment. By the same token, young Malaysians were studying in Europe and North America. In Canada, where many Malaysian students attended universities, it was felt in early 1992 that this new traffic source might warrant regular service between the two countries. Canada's own national airline, Air Canada, which was suffering from economic recession and increasing global competition, was slow to grant Malaysian Airlines landing rights. The Canadian government felt that allowing MAS to land in Vancouver would encroach on territory commanded by Canadian Airlines International Ltd. , while Toronto International Airport was considered the preserve of Air Canada. Malaysia's case at the time was not helped by Ottawa having a year earlier announced the cancellation of Singapore Airline's landing rights in Toronto. Even so, Kuala Lumpur officials reasoned that Canada was out-of-step in trying to protect its national airline carriers. The global airline industry as a whole was going the opposite way, towards increased deregulation and competitiveness. Malaysia was prepared to wait for Canada to accept its growing economic might and grant reciprocal landing rights. Intercontinental traffic for the airline was encouraged by the purchase of Boeing 747 wide-body jets. By 1991, the airline had four of them, and three more were added a year later with an average of two more due for delivery each year until 1995. In 1992, a tightening labor supply in Malaysia, in part the result of its increasingly prosperous economy, was cited by international corporations as the prime obstacle standing in the way of future expansion plans. Manpower shortages were especially acute at the middle management and technical levels. All of these circumstances would impact on MAS's passenger and cargo traffic figures as the country's economy moved from the farm to the factory and beyond. Amid this backdrop, the Malaysian government in 1992 forecast that passenger traffic on the country's combined airways–international and regional–would grow by ten percent annually in the five years before 1997. International freight volume in the same period was expected to rise by 13 percent annually. Officials in Kuala Lumpur announced in 1992 that they had plans to build a new international airport in Sapang, adding that all other airports in the country were expected to cope with the increased passenger demand of the 1990s without the need for expansion. Government forecasts in 1992 pointed to 9. 5 million passengers to be carried by MAS that year, a figure expected to jump to approximately 15 million by 1995. Cargo was also identified as an expanding source of revenue for the airline in the 1990s. In recognition of this potential, MAS in 1992 introduced MASkargo in order to begin providing a full cargo service to the United States and Europe. A DC-10-30 jet was fitted to carry up to 60 tons of cargo per flight. Further plans were announced to purchase an additional Boeing 747-400 freighter to carry 45 tons of extra cargo per flight. In 1992 MASkargo also opened a fully automated cargo handling center in Penang. The new facility complemented the expanded MAS Cargo Center at Subang Airport, which provided semi-automated and computerized facilities including elevating transfer vehicles and electronic scissor lifts fitted with computerized scales. Expansion at the cargo center brought MASkargo's total warehouse storage space to 150,000 square meters. The ambitious expansion plans taxed the carrier's profits, which were nearly halved, from M$206 to M$120, between 1991 and 1992. Turnover increased 23 percent in 1992, however, reaching M$3. billion. Correspondingly, employment at MAS rose from 17,575 workers in 1992 to 20,370 in 1993. Demand for flight crews was so great that the carrier contracted for 35 percent of these positions with overseas personnel, mostly Australian. Fifteen hundred of the employees worked in the airline's unique flight kitchen, which served 22 airlines. All 17,000 meals a day were hallal, that is, observing Muslim dietary restrictions that prohibited pork. During this time, MAS hired Star Wars producer George Lucas's special effects unit to create a stunning sci-fi television commercial. The spot, which aired around the world, was commissioned to present MAS as a modern, world-class airline and featured a huge kite-shaped space station. The cost was estimated at between $2 and $4 million dollars. In 1993, MAS bought a 24. 9 percent interest in U. S. charter operator World Airways. The company also leased five of its MD-11 aircraft. Operations personnel, in high demand at MAS, were also made available. 1994: Ramli Buys a Stake in the Airline In 1994 Malaysian entrepreneur Tajudin Ramli bought a 32 percent controlling interest for M$2 billion ($745 million) worth of stock. The government retained an 11 percent interest. Tajudin, who had earlier put together a mini-aviation empire in preparation of competing with MAS, was saddled with an overlarge fleet and diminishing profits. Although sales rose to $M4. 1 billion ($1. 6 billion) in the fiscal year ending March 3, 1994, profits fell from M$145. 4 million ($56. 4 million) to M$7. 7 million ($2. 9 million). The carrier was still receiving large shipments of new aircraft, including Boeing 747s, and sales of its used aircraft were slow. Some of MAS's new A330 aircraft were delivered late, resulting in penalty payments from Airbus. ) Tajudin immediately set out to trim the fat. He introduced a more businesslike attitude and required better reporting from the company's managers. Aircraft utilization was increased. The carrier signed code-share agreements on transpacific routes and promoted its Kuala-Lumpur-Los Angeles route to attract more business passengers. Virgin Atlantic Airways teamed with MAS in 1995 to operate joint London-Kuala Lumpur flights. The service proved convenient for Virgin's Australia-bound passengers. Planes stayed just as full after the number of flights was increased from eight to 14 a week, although the two carriers faced very formidable competition from the British Airways/Qantas alliance, which operated the only single-plane service between London and Australia. MAS recorded its highest ever pretax profit in 1996–97 of M$349. 4 million ($120 million). The company continued to buy new planes and relocated to Kuala Lumpur's new Sepang International Airport, a move expected to further enhance its reputation. However, the new airport's opening was plagued with lost baggage, computer malfunctions, and other annoyances. Depreciating Malaysian currency brought MAS debt up to M$12 billion by 1998. Debt servicing helped MAS lose M$260 million ($62 million) in 1997–98. In response, the carrier deferred new aircraft purchases, sold old planes, and slashed underperforming routes. A new restructuring plan put forth by Tajudin, whose hands were tied by the government when it came to cutting jobs, was rejected on the grounds it would rescue Tajudin at the expense of minority shareholders. Foreign airlines with an eye towards global expansion (such as Thai Airways and British Airways) seemed interested in investing in the troubled carrier, however.

Discrimination and Children Essay

Diversity means the differences between individuals and groups in society arising from gender, ethnic origins, social, cultural or religious background, family structure, disabilities, sexuality and appearance. Diversity is more often perceived as a problem when it really should contribute to the community by strengthening relations between human beings. SHC33. 1 pc[1. 1b] – equality Equality means provision of equal access to opportunities and having the same rights as others. Each child needs to be treated as an individual and in this way people caring for it will be able to promote their right of having access to equality of opportunity and of being treated with equal concern. In this way children are able to progress along the pathway of development and learning. Equality of opportunity means that each individual in society experiences opportunities to achieve and flourish which are as good as the opportunities experiences by other people. Equal concern means taking as much care to promote the opportunities and progress of one child as you do for any other child. SHC33. 1 pc[1. 1c] – inclusion. Inclusion represents a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers to participation and belonging. All settings should work towards inclusion, as applying it means that the setting promotes positive aspects of diversity and offers children equal chances in life. SHC33. 1 pc[1. 2] Describe the potential effects of discrimination. Discrimination means treating someone less or more favourably than other people, because they or their family are seen as belonging to a particular group in society. Discrimination can be classified in open discrimination (sexual and racial harassment) and covert or indirect discrimination (favouring one group over another – this often prevents individuals from participating fully in society because of hidden or unspoken rules). The most common bases of discrimination are: 1. Ethnicity/race (based on an individual’s ethnic/racial background) 2. Gender (based on the sex/gender of the individual) 3. Disability (based on an individual having a disability) 4. Social situation (based on social status) 5. Cultural (based on deference in cultural values) Prejudice is a judgement or opinion, often negative, of a person or group, made without careful consideration or accurate relevant information, which may lead to the view that some people are inferior to, or of less worth or significance. Examples of assumptions causing prejudice: Some people are of less value, or inferior to, or of less worth or significance than others (defined by skin colour, gender, impairment, sexuality, appearance); Some people are less capable than others; One culture/religion or social group is superior to another If a family is not a two-parent nuclear family, with parents of different genders and the same ethnicity, it is not â€Å"normal†. Prejudice leads to discrimination. Effects of discrimination in children can be seen as damaged self-esteem, self-image and self-confidence on the psychic side. Effects on health could lead to particularly mental health such as anxiety or depression. Effects on education could lead to not achieving full potential at school, leading to difficulties in gaining employment. Long term prospects of effects on education could mean getting trapped in a cycle of poverty due to poor education and employment opportunities. Relationship difficulties could lead to difficulties in socialising and forming healthy relationships. The potential effects of discrimination can be different for different people. The effects can be physical, emotional or a combination of both. For example children with disabilities may not be given a chance to join in with activities due to others thinking that their disability prevents them from being able to do so. This will make the child feel very different from others.

Easyjet Case Analysis Essay

Is the budget airline segment an attractive place to be? Why (not)? Yes, the budget airline segment is very attractive in a country where the people are interested to travel in low cost airlines without much comforts like business class and food. And more over if the company can reduce its costs in the areas of operations and utilising the resources more efficiently, then budget airline segment is definitely an attractive place. Some of the areas where we can look into reduce the costs are like using the no frills strategy, reducing the number of travel agents, reducing the aircraft stay in a airport (which reduce the fees to be paid for the airports). The above are the some of the strategies used by the easyjet airways and also they used their resources to maximum extent like they operated Boeing flights for 11 hours per day compared to their rivals who used 6 hours per day. Rising middle class all over the world is also another factor which makes the budget airline segment an attractive place because they can afford the air travel at such a low price there by increasing the volumes of air traffic and helps in increasing the profits of the airlines. As the prices are low for the aircraft, the profit margins are also very low and the airlines has to strictly adhere to its operating policies like punctuality and low fares to attract masses and generate revenues. If one cannot stick to their standards they may lose the market (as in the case it was mentioned some 60 out of 80 carriers went bankrupt). Some other aircraft carriers which are successful in this segment are American southwest airlines and Indian Spicejet (They generated profits after introducing the new strategy of low prices). Also in the case it was mentioned the European budget airline segment was expected to grow by as much as 300% by 2004. So it is definitely a best place to compete and sustain. Also some of the business executives also prefer the low cost airlines as they might be travelling a lot and travelling low cost carriers reduces their expense and as they are available at any point of time. Porters five forces can be also used to know the attractiveness of a industry. Bargaining power of Suppliers: The suppliers of the industry are major aircraft manufacturing companies, some of the outsourcing firms, and travelling agents. Here in this case aircraft manufacturers like Boeing have their upper hand. When coming to outsourcing and travel agents airlines try to minimise their intervention to be competitive. Bargaining Power of Buyers : Since there will be lot of competitors in the industry and ultimately the bargaining power rests with the majority of the customers or travellers in this case. Threat of New Substitutes : In many places in Europe, High Speed Rail network directly competes with low-cost airlines. Still 50% of people travelling in some of the routes preferred business class travel. Threat of New Entrants : As mentioned earlier there is scope of 300% growth by 2004 and so many new entrants try to compete in this industry but from the data available it is mentioned 60 out of 80 entrants went bankrupt. So this may restrict the new entrants to think before entering this sector. Intensity of Rivalry Among competetors: The intensity of competition is very high from the competitors like British airways which launched a separate airlines to tap the low budget airline segment So overall considering the above all cases and if an airline can reduce their costs and increase their operational performance, then definitely budget airlines is the place it can compete. How does EasyJet deliver its customer value proposition? Some of the value propositions offered to the customers by the Easyjet are 1. The airlines flew brand new fleet of Boeing 737s to impress the people and let them know they don’t compromise on the safety of the carriers 2. They hired the experienced pilots and crew at market rates and customers are pleased to find the smiling crew when they boarded the flight. 3. They operated strictly according to schedule and had the policy of refunding amount if they are late by 3 hours 4. The cost of changing to another flight was very less (â‚ ¬10+ difference of the fare) 5. Passengers are required to carry their 6 character reference number instead of the tickets. This reduces the paper wastage. 6. Stelios portrayed image of Man of the people by personal interaction with customers. 7. No pre-assigned seating offered. Allotment was based on first come first serve basis. The Harvard Business School case study on Amazon Web Services (AWS) by Huckman, Pisano, and Kind, outlines Amazon’s expansion into selling â€Å"cloud† services. In 2002, 8 years after Amazon appeared as an online retail bookstore, the company started exposing product data in a â€Å"developer-friendly† format to its affiliates via an application program interface (API). The resulting positive response exceeded expectations and led Amazon executives to recognize a market for renting their highly reliable and scalable technical infrastructure to developers in the form of pay-as-you-go web services. By 2008, Amazon had introduced 12 services, including four core offerings described as â€Å"Infrastructure Web Services†: Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Simple Storage Service (S3), Simple DB, and Simple Queue Service (SQS). While the move into cloud computing was an unexpected and bold step by Amazon that surprised the application hosting industry, was AWS a disruptive strategy or a new business model? Clayton Christensen describes a disruptive technology as â€Å"changes that toppled industry’s leaders.† While the idea of leveraging existing assets to create a new business opportunity and gain a competitive advantage was a unique concept and industry differentiator for Amazon, it was not disruptive by definition. Incumbent leaders on the server and computing side like IBM, Sun, and HP all had sophisticated back-ends and application frameworks similar to Amazon and each were starting to develop initiatives to provide infrastructure and software solutions in the cloud. In addition, many large corporations such as Network Appliance, EMC, and Dell already offered online storage capabilities comparable to S3, albeit few provided a similar pay-as-you-go model. AWS was also in front of the other Internet giants, but not by much as each major player already had a mature web hosting business and was starting to develop web service offerings. Microsoft introduced two families of web services in 2005: Windows Live, a suite of consumer software services, and Office Live, a similar range of services targeted to small business. Salesforce.com established force.com in 2007, a platform for developers to create business applications, and Google introduced App Engine in 2008, which was expected to evolve and compete directly with AWS. Amazon first considered creating a broader developer-oriented business when the company realized it was spending â€Å"†¦70 percent of its time building and maintaining the back-end technology ‘muck’ that did not differentiate Amazon from its competitors.† The company brilliantly identified the right new business model at the right time and Andy Jassy’s foresight and vision gained Amazon the first-mover advantage in the developer business. The company, however, did not redefine the back-end infrastructure technology supporting their services nor did they introduce a pioneering approach to data center management that significantly reduced overhead costs and destabilized competition. Amazon’s strategy introduced nothing that neither â€Å"toppled† the industry leaders nor prevented them from responding relatively quickly in offering their technology in the same manner as Amazon. While Amazon‘s cloud computing and web services offering is rich, encompassing, and ahead of its competition, AWS is a new business model positioned to reduce costs and increase free cash flows through better asset utilization. It will be interesting to see the impact true technology companies like IBM, Google, and Microsoft have on AWS as their web services solutions mature. What if AWS cannot maintain the volumes needed to offset their costs? Does Amazon’s move away from their core business and heavy investment in technology leave them inflexible and vulnerable to the strategy of a new online bookstore that utilizes cloud computing in a disruptive way to reduce costs and sell books for less?

Burns

Burns Unlike other tissue damages, burns can cover a wider range of surface area. The causes may come from a variety of events such as boiling liquid, exposure to harmful chemicals, or electrical shock. Signs that indicate a burn may be swelling, redness of the area of damage, and pain. Burns are categorized by degree based on the duration, size and severity of injury; the least severe being first degree burns, second degree burns and the worst, third degree burns. Not only are there the regular, common burns that would first come to mind, but there are also chemical burns and electrical burns. Chemical burns occur when the skin is exposed to a corrosive substance that consists of either a strong base or acid. Electrical burns are cause by contact with electric conducting objects that are live. Types of treatment are determined by the severity and also determine the place to which the person should receive the treatment. Regeneration of the damaged tissue will differ accordingly to the type of burn. First degree burn, it refers to the superficial damage to the skin and causes only local inflammation. The inflammation consists of pain, a small amount of swelling, dryness and redness. Peeling, of the area affected, may be seen. This type of burn will only have an effect on the epidermis. Examples of first degree burns include sunburns, flash burns or any other burn that derives from a brief exposure to severe heat. Treatment for this type of burn depends on the location, cause, extent of the burn and may include cold compresses, skin soothing ointments or pain relieving aspirin. The skin usually heals within a time span of a few days without permanent tissue damage. Second degree burns affect the epidermis and the superficial dermis layer of the skin. The burn is often characterized by moist blisters, skin lesions, and bits of shredded epidermis. Also, the injury is often displayed as white. The area of damage is prone to high risks of infection and victim experiences intense pain around the area. In a lot of cases, second degree burns are the consequences of exposure to flames, scald inducing events and contact with chemicals, electricity or hot objects. The treatments for second degree burns depend of the same characteristic of first degree burns. Second degree burns include the addition of extra care to prevent infections. The skin heals within about 3 weeks and 6 weeks if the wound is superficial or deep, as the skin re-epithelializes. At the end of healing, there is minimal scarring to no scarring at all although discoloration of the area may be present. A third degree burn, also referred to as a full thickness burn, destroys the epidermis, the entire dermis beneath it, injures the subcutaneous tissue, and may spread to the muscles. Accessory structures are destroyed. The area of the wound may appear white and leathery due to the damages done to the blood vessels and nerves. The affected skin may also appear black, yellow, or even brown and is painless due to the impairment of vessels and nerves. The skin loses its elasticity, becomes dry and produces the appearance of being charred. Some of the causes of third degree burns may include scalding liquids, flames, chemical substances, over-exposure to excess heat or even electricity. If not taken into serious account with medical attention, the damaged skin will heal poorly and slowly. Since the epidermis and hair follicles are eliminated, new skin will not form. Treatments for these burns consist of procedures such as attentive care and cleaning, skin grafting, anti-biotic mediation and as such. The smaller areas will take fewer months to heal than the larger areas since those require grafting, which is the replacement of the previous damaged skin with transplant skin through surgery. ttp://www. webmd. com/skin-problems-and-treatments/third-degree-burn-full-thickness-burn http://www. medicinenet. com/burns/page2. htm http://faculty. stcc. edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units1to4/skin/repairof. htm http://www. urmc. rochester. edu/encyclopedia/content. aspx? ContentTypeID=90ContentID=P01760 http://www. chw. org/display/PPF/DocID/21911/router. asp http://www. metrohealth. org/body. cfm? id=1014oTopID=1007 http://www. rayur. com/skin-burn-anatomy-definition-causes-symptoms- and-treatment. html Burns Unlike other tissue damages, burns can cover a wider range of surface area. The causes may come from a variety of events such as boiling liquid, exposure to harmful chemicals, or electrical shock. Signs that indicate a burn may be swelling, redness of the area of damage, and pain. Burns are categorized by degree based on the duration, size and severity of injury; the least severe being first degree burns, second degree burns and the worst, third degree burns. Not only are there the regular, common burns that would first come to mind, but there are also chemical burns and electrical burns. Chemical burns occur when the skin is exposed to a corrosive substance that consists of either a strong base or acid. Electrical burns are cause by contact with electric conducting objects that are live. Types of treatment are determined by the severity and also determine the place to which the person should receive the treatment. Regeneration of the damaged tissue will differ accordingly to the type of burn. First degree burn, it refers to the superficial damage to the skin and causes only local inflammation. The inflammation consists of pain, a small amount of swelling, dryness and redness. Peeling, of the area affected, may be seen. This type of burn will only have an effect on the epidermis. Examples of first degree burns include sunburns, flash burns or any other burn that derives from a brief exposure to severe heat. Treatment for this type of burn depends on the location, cause, extent of the burn and may include cold compresses, skin soothing ointments or pain relieving aspirin. The skin usually heals within a time span of a few days without permanent tissue damage. Second degree burns affect the epidermis and the superficial dermis layer of the skin. The burn is often characterized by moist blisters, skin lesions, and bits of shredded epidermis. Also, the injury is often displayed as white. The area of damage is prone to high risks of infection and victim experiences intense pain around the area. In a lot of cases, second degree burns are the consequences of exposure to flames, scald inducing events and contact with chemicals, electricity or hot objects. The treatments for second degree burns depend of the same characteristic of first degree burns. Second degree burns include the addition of extra care to prevent infections. The skin heals within about 3 weeks and 6 weeks if the wound is superficial or deep, as the skin re-epithelializes. At the end of healing, there is minimal scarring to no scarring at all although discoloration of the area may be present. A third degree burn, also referred to as a full thickness burn, destroys the epidermis, the entire dermis beneath it, injures the subcutaneous tissue, and may spread to the muscles. Accessory structures are destroyed. The area of the wound may appear white and leathery due to the damages done to the blood vessels and nerves. The affected skin may also appear black, yellow, or even brown and is painless due to the impairment of vessels and nerves. The skin loses its elasticity, becomes dry and produces the appearance of being charred. Some of the causes of third degree burns may include scalding liquids, flames, chemical substances, over-exposure to excess heat or even electricity. If not taken into serious account with medical attention, the damaged skin will heal poorly and slowly. Since the epidermis and hair follicles are eliminated, new skin will not form. Treatments for these burns consist of procedures such as attentive care and cleaning, skin grafting, anti-biotic mediation and as such. The smaller areas will take fewer months to heal than the larger areas since those require grafting, which is the replacement of the previous damaged skin with transplant skin through surgery. ttp://www. webmd. com/skin-problems-and-treatments/third-degree-burn-full-thickness-burn http://www. medicinenet. com/burns/page2. htm http://faculty. stcc. edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units1to4/skin/repairof. htm http://www. urmc. rochester. edu/encyclopedia/content. aspx? ContentTypeID=90ContentID=P01760 http://www. chw. org/display/PPF/DocID/21911/router. asp http://www. metrohealth. org/body. cfm? id=1014oTopID=1007 http://www. rayur. com/skin-burn-anatomy-definition-causes-symptoms- and-treatment. html